Impact case study database

Triangulation of multidisciplinary applications, underpinned by University of Leicester research, has contributed to the expansion of interest in genealogical heritage. The research has enabled the identification of ancient remains via the historical lineage of their descendants, most famously, those of King Richard III (RIII) and opened access to ancestral data for members of the public to explore their own ancestry.

Heritage, tourism and economic impact

Discovery of RIII’s skeleton beneath a Leicester carpark and the identification of his remains significantly contributed to Leicestershire’s transformation into a national and global tourism destination. The Tourism Growth Plan (2019) stated : “The economic potential of Leicester and Leicestershire was significantly enhanced by the discovery of the remains of King Richard III… and his reinterment in Leicester Cathedral in 2015. The value of this remarkable story to the area… provided a spotlight that enabled both the City and the County to showcase the area’s rich heritage and tourism potential” [E1Eii].

A 2015 Leicester City Council (LCiC) report showed that the discovery and identification of RIII drove significant economic impacts. In the period between the discovery and March 2015, 622,562 additional visitors to RIII-related events in Leicester spent GBP54,625,048; an additional 1,012 FTE jobs were created; an estimated GBP79,082,740 gross value added to Leicester’s economy; and volunteering valued at GBP118,566 [E1A]. Although impacts and data relating to the discovery began in the REF2014 census period, the Leicester research has delivered significantly greater impacts since August 2013. 2020 LCiC [E1Eii] and 2019 Leicestershire County Council (LCoC) [E1Eiii] reports showed that the RIII discovery and identification, along with other regional attractions, contributed to the region’s overall tourism growth. Since 2013, there has been “an increase of 26.9% in value from the tourism sector, an 18.6% increase in visitors and a 12.6% increase in employment”. [E1Eii]. In 2018 alone, 34.9 million people visited Leicestershire [E1Eii] and 11.5 million people visited the city of Leicester, valued at GBP651 million—significantly driven by the discovery of RIII [E1Eiii].LCiC invested GBP4 million in the new King Richard III Visitor Centre (RIIIVC) at the Greyfriars site which showcases the team’s research, including King’s genetic genealogy work [E1A]. The RIIIVC’s permanent exhibition is explicitly designed around the team’s research on RIII’s burial [R1]; his Bosworth battle wounds [R2]; a 3D model of CT scans of his bones to reconstruct his scoliosis [R3]; and the team’s identification procedures, including King’s DNA testing [R4] [E1B]. Between its opening on 26 July 2014 and 31 December 2020, the RIIIVC had 347,155 visitors from the UK and beyond. Overseas visitors came from as far away as the USA, Australia, and China [E1C]. In 2018, the RIIIVC won the Group Leisure and Travel Awards’ ‘Best Museum or Gallery’ by reader vote, beating the British Museum and Tate Britain [E1C]. Lonely Planet added the RIIIVC to their ‘Ultimate United Kingdom Travelist’ in 2019, stating it “reveals… one of the world’s greatest archaeological detective stories” [E1Eiii]. The discoveries published in [R1] prompted Historic England to designate the Greyfriars site as a Scheduled Ancient Monument in 2017 [E1D]. In 2014 alone, Leicester Cathedral drew 398,500 more visitors than in 2012 (an increase from 29,500 to 428,000 total, a 14-fold increase), and between 2013 and 2018 it attracted 1,223,560 total visitors [E1B]. In March 2015, approximately 43,000 people attended reinterment events at the Cathedral, and the burial service was viewed by more than 600 million worldwide. In the year following the identification, Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre (BBHC) ticket sales increased by 62% (2013: GBP95,375; 2014: GBP154,425) and retail sales increased by 74% (2013: GBP74,215; 2014: GBP129,440), with smaller rises in visitor numbers in subsequent years [E1F]. .The “remarkable King Richard III discovery and [his] connection with Leicester and Leicestershire” [E1F] continues to drive regional economic and tourism investment and planning. The Leicester and Leicestershire Tourism Growth Plan 2019 has designed “a critical mass” of RIII experiences through 2024 [E1Eii]. The Leicester Tourism Action Plan 2020-2025 is “anchored by the King Richard III story”. This includes relocating the city’s tourist information centre to the RIIIVC “for the 130,000-plus visitors now coming each year, many drawn to see the tomb of RIII” [E1Eiii]. LCoC created a Conservation Plan for BBHC to foster “a local economy that supports . . . protection of the archaeological resources” stating that the Battle of Bosworth “has accrued even greater significance following the discovery of the remains of Richard III” (August 2013) [E1Ev]. Leicester Cathedral’s 2020-2023 Strategic Plan confirmed that RIII is a core driver for its GBP11.3 million project, funded by the National Lottery Heritage Fund (2016), to restore the Cathedral and build a Heritage Learning Centre, stating: “The Cathedral changed enormously leading up to, during and in the aftermath of March 2015 when King Richard III was reinterred …. This new situation has become increasingly embedded and we are now into the next major redevelopment phase entitled ‘Leicester Cathedral Revealed’” [E1Ei, iv].

Outreach and education impactA- and AS-level Wars of the Roses History curricula incorporated the team’s research (September 2015). The RIIIVC also incorporated the research into educational and outreach programmes, which, since opening in July 2014, have reached approximately 12,000 learners. In the 2018/2019 academic year alone, they reached 3,324 (62% KS 1&2; 23% KS 3&4; 15% FE/HE, July 2019) [E2A]. The underpinning research was a key feature of the seven-day RIII exhibit at the Royal Society’s ‘Festival of Science’ (June 2015), with 13,000 visitors, where of those responding to the visitor survey 85% strongly agreed or agreed that the exhibition had increased their interest in ‘science’. The replica skeleton and research displays travelled to Birmingham’s ‘Big Bang Fair’ (2014, c.70,000); Galway Science and Technology Festival (2017, c. 20,000); and Bulgaria’s Sofia Science Festival (2017, c.17,000) [ E2B]. The University of Leicester RIII website and educational materials have had 1,782,871 unique page views from the UK (39.5%), the USA (33.1%), Australia (7.1%), and worldwide (August 2013 – December 2020) [E2C]. By December 2020, more than 83,000 people had enrolled in the research team’s six-week MOOC, England in the Time of King Richard III. Participants’ satisfaction scores averaged a high 4.7 out of 5, with 278 reviews stating, for example: “[T]his course has reignited my passion for history and archaeology and led me to apply to do a Masters Degree in an archaeology discipline” [E2D]. In 2015, the Scout and Guiding associations produced a RIII challenge badge drawing on the RIII research and story, with approximately 2,000 challenges completed in Leicestershire alone by May 2020 [E3]. Cultural impact

Press and media coverage in March 2015 relating to the reinterment alone totalled 2,071 stories and reached 358 million people. By 2017, press and media coverage of the discovery and reinterment reached an estimated one billion people around the globe [E4]. In November 2013, the University of Leicester Archaeology Service (ULAS) won the Queen’s Anniversary Prize: “The University of Leicester is recognised for its long record of exceptional research, commercial archaeology and public engagement in history and heritage, highlighted by the work of the team that discovered the remains of King Richard III beneath a car park” [E5A]. BBC’s History Extra website visitors voted RIII as their number one historical figure of interest in the ‘Top 100’ poll 2015 – 2017, and in July 2020, they voted ‘Did RIII order the murder of the Princes in the Tower?’ as “history’s greatest mystery” with 35% of the votes, “almost three times as many as the building of Stonehenge” [E5B].

The RIII story and the research underpinning it [R1 – R5] stimulated significant cultural responses. It generated new publications and music, largely aimed at general audiences. Books include Mike Pitts’ Digging for Richard III: How Archaeology Found the King and David Horspool’s Richard III: A Ruler and his Reputation, as well as literature aimed specifically at children, such as former Children’s Laureate Michael Morpurgo’s The Fox and the Ghost King (fiction) and Rosalind Adams’s Children’s Book of Richard III [E7]. It inspired three creative responses for RIII’s 2015 reburial service at Leicester Cathedral: Ghostly Grace, a choral piece by Judith Bingham; an anthem by Judith Weir; and Richard, a eulogy by Poet Laureate Carol Ann Duffy, read by Benedict Cumberbatch, with more than 265,000 views (December 2020). Nico Muhly composed the song, ‘Old Bones’, using the words of ULAS lead Richard Buckley and RIII Society’s Philippa Langley, for countertenor Lestyn Davies [E8].

The project also inspired major dramatic productions and television documentaries [E4 – E8]. The Hollow Crown (BBC2, 2016), starring Benedict Cumberbatch, used the team’s analysis of RIII’s skeleton [R2], and opened with a shot of his spinal curvature. The production reached 0.84 million viewers in one week, and 0.94 million in 28 days [E6A]. The Leicester research also inspired Ralph Fiennes’ 2016 portrayal of Shakespeare’s Richard III at the Almeida Theatre. Fiennes stated: “They found the spine and it is very curved, so we tried to base his physicality as close as possible to the evidence that came out of the excavation in Leicester” [E6B]. The performance, which featured a reconstruction of the excavation site on stage, sold 21,850 tickets and its live broadcast reached 50,000 additional viewers worldwide [E6B].

Channel 4’s Richard III: The New Evidence (August 2014), featured University of Leicester research [R1, R3–R5], reaching 1,760,000 viewers in seven days [E6C], while PBS (USA) ran the director’s cut, Secrets of the Dead: Resurrecting Richard III (September 2014). Both starred actor Dominic Smee as RIII. Smee, who shares the king’s condition, stated that the analysis of the king’s condition profoundly impacted his confidence and his acceptance of his own body. Removing his shirt during filming “was a defining point in my life. This was the first time that I had been truly honest and open about a part of me that I had kept hidden for so many years” [E6C] . Smee stated the experience made him feel like he was reliving RIII’s last moments, and he is now “confident enough to give lectures about his experiences and the research” [E4]. Patented Ancestry.com DNA test reaches millions worldwideKing established that combining molecular genetics and surname analysis can help identify population structure and history [R7], which can be applied to 'genetic genealogy' procedures. Because of the growing popularity of individual DNA testing, this research has indirectly reached 14 million people by 2019. The US-based Ancestry.com, the world’s largest for-profit genealogical company, used King’s [R7] findings as the sole underpinning research for their exclusive DNA-testing patent (2017). The patent applies to the company’s AncestryDNA tests, which are sold to the public for GBP79 each. AncestryDNA sold 14 million DNA test kits worldwide in 2019, doubling their 2018 sales of 7 million [E9].