Impact case study database

Worldwide civil engineering structures are most commonly designed in accordance with codes of practice, with the European (the Eurocode suite) and North American (American Society of Civil Engineers, or ASCE; American Concrete Institute, or ACI) codes being the practitioner gold-standards. Typically these codes are controlled by a committee of experts and informed by the community-at-large, with one UK industry practitioner commenting they offer a “ consistent baseline for designers”, and enable the choice of appropriate materials, joints and connections “ together with safe and economic design” [5.5a]. For fibre polymer composites (FPCs, also known as fibre reinforced polymers, or FRPs), the UK Composites Leadership Forum Construction Sector Group (CSG) estimated the global FPC construction market to be worth USD15,900,000,000 in 2020. This reveals a sizeable potential for exploitation once design codes are in place.

Professor Mottram is a member of both the Fiber Composites and Polymers Standards (FCAPS) committee of ASCE for development of a US FPC standard (based on **[5.3b]**), as well as Working Group 4 (WG4) for Fibre Reinforced Polymer Structures, as part of the wider CEN Technical Committee for Structural Eurocodes (CEN/TC 250). In addition, he is an expert member of the British Standards Institution (BSI) Technical Committee B/525 Building and Civil Engineering Structures that is responsible for providing the UK input to structural Eurocodes. His far-reaching and international contributions have allowed Warwick research [3.1-3.7] to feature throughout FPC standards and design documents, with key examples outlined below:

Europe and UK policy and practice – In 2007 the JRC publication EN EUR 22864 first presented the justification for new standards regarding the use of FPC composites in civil engineering. Following a resolution in 2009, Professor Mottram was appointed to WG4, and in 2018 as one of six experts on M515 mandate Project Team (WG4.T2), as part of CEN/TC 250. The first generation of Eurocodes became mandatory for UK design in 2010, with the second generation (of which FPC structures is to be a Technical Specification) set to be published in February 2027.

A working group drives the development of Eurocodes through three Stages: (S1) publication of a CEN/TC 250 agreed Science and Policy Report [5.1]; (S2) publication of an agreed Technical Specification (prCEN/TS 19101 for Fibre Polymer Composite structures); and (S3) trial use of the Technical Standard to determine how it shall be converted into the Eurocode. Based on existing research [3.1, 3.3 & 3.6] Professor Mottram co-authored sections 8.0-8.3 on bolted connections in the two S1 reports (published in 2016 and 2018 – **[5.1]**), described as “ particularly challenging, not least, because there are many connection details and always a number of failure modes to consider” [5.6]. In 2018, Professor Mottram was appointed to new project team (WG4.T2) overseeing the conversion of the S1 Science and Policy Reports into a S2 Technical Specification (TS). This led to a 230-page draft TS under review/inquiry during 2020, and into 2021 [5.6].

With Eurocodes often having a lead time of 20 years, the Science and Policy report [5.1] and draft TS mark inextricable milestones for FPC civil engineering policy in the EU. Warwick has made “ an effective and essential contribution” to these, with significant contributions specifically in the field of bolted joints and limit states design of FPC structures. The Convenor of WG4 expanded: “ There is no single other expert within Europe that could have been a member of WG4.T2 to replace the experience and expertise that Prof. Mottram is able to provide” [5.6]. As chair of BSI mirror group BS/525/-/4 (with five industry and two academic members), Prof Mottram further reviews and leads progress towards the FPC Eurocode from inside the UK [5.5a].

Beyond FPC Eurocode development, Warwick and Professor Mottram have had a wider and important influence on UK industry. Fibre-reinforced polymer bridges – Guidance for designers (CIRIA, 2018) [5.2c] was prepared by the Construction Sector Group (CSG) of Composites UK, with Professor Mottram as one of two co-editors and writing 40% of the document including sections on connections and joints, structural analysis and FPC durability (drawing on **[3.1, 3.3-3.4, 3.6 & 3.7]**). Despite its recency, this industry focused guide ( https://tinyurl.com/yy79wl4b) has been downloaded more than 2,350 times and has seen use by top UK engineering firms (Jacobs, NOV Fibre Glass Systems, and others) in the design of 20+ projects [5.2a, 5.2b]. Named examples include the Poole Park Sluice Gate Bridge, Doctors Footbridge and the Bridge St Footbridge both in Lancashire, the Roxwell Bridge in Essex, and 2 twin aqueducts in Standedge [5.5a, 5.5b]. As a conservative estimate, the total design and construction costs of these projects is a minimum of GBP2,750,000 (costs “in excess” of GBP900,000 from Jacobs, and using GBP118,000 acquisition costs for the other 16 projects – a figure taken from G uidance for designers itself which covers design and installation for a typical 30m² footbridge. The Standedge aqueducts were factored into this 16 despite being substantially larger engineering efforts, indicating a suitable minimum estimate) [5.2c, 5.5a].

North American policy and practice – Between 2007 and 2010, three North American pultruders funded (USD1,500,000) a project to draft an ASCE pre-standard [5.3b]. Professor Mottram was on the project team and led (with Professor Larry Bank, then University of Wisconsin-Madison) the writing of Chapter 8 for Bolted Connections, having mandatory design provisions (18 pages) and a commentary (28 pages). Before the pre-standard, there were no previous procedures to work with. Since 2011, the committee Fiber Composites and Polymers Standards (FCAPS) (at the American Society of Civil Engineers) has worked on converting the pre-standard to an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard through a balloting process. Updating the standard involves new Warwick research [G1] for design of bolted connections [3.1-3.4 & 3.5], covering essential knowledge gaps for: developing a standard test (procedure C in ASTM D953) for determination of bearing strength [3.1]; having a single (simple) closed form expression [3.4] for calculating the strength of multi-rowed bolted connections failing in the net-tension mode [3.3]; and the design of beam-to-column joints (for serviceability limit state rotation capacity) [3.5].

Between August 2013 and February 2020 the developing ASCE standard underwent 42 rounds of balloting with 42 votes, with Professor Mottram participating in each round and his research being an important reference material in the standard’s commentary. The Chair of ASCE FCAPS added: “ Toby’s work on the FCAPS Committee has been instrumental in formulating particularly the Connections Chapter”, with an instrumental contribution also provided in the balloting process for approving “ the design provision for the strength of bolted connections failing with the bearing mode of failure” [5.3a].

Beyond use generally in the US pultrusion industry for reference citations and requirements for FPCs, the Director of Marketing and Product Development at Creative Pultrusions stated that since August 2013 the US company used the LRFD Pre-standard “ extensively for the design of FRP structures and products”. These include pedestrian bridges, access structures, docks, maintenance platforms, crossarms, utility poles and various other custom engineered structures– permitting the company “ to significantly increase market share while growing sales and profitability” [5.7a]. On its international applicability, Creative Pultrusions Inc. (in collaboration with Lionweld Kennedy Flooring Ltd.) expanded station platforms in the UK for Network Rail through use of the pre-standard, and more broadly, “ Toby’s work has permitted us to supply engineered solutions in Canada and Europe adding [to] our average yearly growth rate” [5.7a].

During 2018, the Chair of ASTM Subcommittee: D20.18 engaged the expertise of Professor Mottram in revising D953 to specify an industrial standardised test method (via Procedure C) to measure the bearing strengths in polymer resin-based materials. Previously, D953 was only for thermoplastics, with the 2018 revisions scoping both thermosets and their FPCs – such as those produced by the pultrusion [5.4, 5.7b]. Because of the suitability and flexibility of Procedure C as highlighted in [5.3b], D20.18 founded the procedure (which “ Professor’s Mottram’s expertise was vital in developing” **[5.7b]**) on the Warwick compression loading method [3.1-3.2]. Regarding use of D953, the Engineering Director of Bedford Reinforced Plastics (BRP) elaborated: “ BRP have already used the ASTM D953 test procedure to evaluate our entire range of pultruded structural shapes. Products tested using this method are sold to all of our clients throughout the USA and internationally.” Applications of these shapes are seen in stair towers, walkways, pedestrian bridges, pipe supports, cooling towers etc. for use in a wide range of markets such as wastewater/water treatment, oil & gas, mining and chemical processing [5.7b].

Due to delays from the COVID pandemic, the ANSI standard is provisionally set for publication in August 2021 and will be adopted into the International Code Council’s (ICC) International Building Code (IBC) [5.3a]. For impact on the FCAPS Committee directly, actual publication beyond 2020 is incidental to the instrumental contributions from Warwick through balloting from August 2013 and 2020 – with balloting being the formal policy-driven process which make ANSI standards a reality. For realised impact on US civil engineering, the Pre-standard in its current form and the ASTM D953–19 test method have both had a marked effect on companies such as Creative Pultrusions and Bedford Reinforced Plastics – facilitating sales and collaborations internationally.

Further uptake of guidance and standards – In February 2020 CD 368 Design of fibre reinforced polymer bridges and highway structures [5.8] was issued by Highways England, with involvement from the Welsh Government, Transport Scotland and the Northern Ireland Department for Infrastructure. The design manual “includes additional information taken from the draft Eurocode (JRC report) [5.1] and recently released CIRIA C779 FRP Bridges: Guidance for designers **[5.2c]**… and reflects current best practice” [5.8]. This demonstrates that two distinct sets of FPC guidance with strong contributions of Warwick expertise have been factored into a nationally-applied document that forms part of the works specification. Unsolicited uptake such as this is defining of a far-reaching, pervasive influence in the sector, and lends weight to Warwick contributions to FPC civil engineering being made “ at the highest level and with absolute reliability” [5.6].