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Submitting institution
University of Exeter
Unit of assessment
29 - Classics
Summary impact type
Societal
Is this case study continued from a case study submitted in 2014?
Yes

1. Summary of the impact

For decades, relationship and sex education (RSE) has been deemed to be unhelpfully negative, focused on disease or pregnancy prevention, with an over-emphasis on basic biological information. The 2013 Ofsted Report noted that inadequacies in RSE can leave young people ‘vulnerable to inappropriate sexual behaviours and sexual exploitation’. Langlands’ pioneering research into the history of sex has informed the development of an award-winning approach to RSE, based on a curated, dialogic discussion of historical material/objects to inspire reflection and provoke discussion about vital topics such as consent, body image and pornography. The Sex & History method has been adopted across the UK and beyond as an effective means of delivering RSE in schools, museums, pupil referral units and youth clubs. Impacts include:

  • Empowering thousands of young people, teachers, youth workers and charities with innovative RSE resources.

  • Informing the development and delivery of curricula and new statutory requirements for comprehensive RSE provision in the UK.

  • Generating new ways for museums to enhance health and wellbeing outcomes.

2. Underpinning research

Underpinning the Sex & History method is a framework for delivering sex education through discussion of values, stereotypes, cultural expectations and codes of femininity/masculinity, which also draws attention to their cultural and historical specificity. This framework is informed by Langlands' research into sexual morality [ 3.1] which demonstrated how sexual identities and choices in ancient Rome were shaped by the engagement of individuals with shared cultural products such as literature, law and education, and that sexual ethics was not a separate sphere of operation but was embedded in wider structures of power and status. Her research also articulated the benefits of this detailed study of ancient Rome for modern awareness of human diversity; its description of a culture with a different way of thinking about sex and ethics, and with different preoccupations, highlighted the culturally contingent nature of some of our current dominant controversies around sex. A belief in the value of such a dialogue between past and present lies at the heart of the Sex & History method.

The method is also informed by a body of interdisciplinary research on the history of sexuality and sexual knowledge undertaken by Langlands in collaboration with Kate Fisher (History), Jen Grove (History, Classics and Museum Studies) and Jana Funke (English) as part of the Sexual Knowledge, Sexual History project 2008-2015 and from 2015 within the Sexual Knowledge Unit at the University of Exeter. This research has shown that claims about the past have been crucial in articulating sexual morals, in driving political, legal and social change, in shaping individual identities, and in constructing and grounding knowledge about sex. A key and original finding is that material from past cultures has functioned perennially as a stimulus for exploration of sexual questions. The research also asks how we can channel this fascination with history with a view to promoting healthy sexual development in the modern world, and it continues to evolve in dialogue with non-academic partners [ 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6].

As a case study, Langlands and Fisher researched the impact of sexually themed material found at the archaeological sites of Pompeii and Herculaneum on understandings of sex, showing that visual material such as pictures and artefacts are a particularly effective medium, providing an immediate and arresting point of engagement with the past [ 3.2, 3.3]. Research into collecting practices, including Grove’s PhD, supervised by Fisher and Langlands, revealed how collections of classical objects were fundamental to developing ideas about sex and sexuality in the 19th and 20th centuries [ 3.2, 3.3, 3.5, 3.6]. The research also explored the history of museums, changing display practices and the challenges museums face in engaging with their varied audiences [ 3.2, 3.5].

Further collaborative research undertaken, following the establishment of the Sexual Knowledge Unit (directed by Fisher, Langlands, Funke and Grove), has focused on the emergence of sexology and new scientific approaches to sex in the 19th and 20th centuries. This demonstrated that the increasingly medicalised understandings of sexuality developed towards the end of the 19th century, which continue to shape contemporary understanding, drew on anthropological, historical and material evidence, especially from past cultures, further demonstrating their enduring value, appeal and utility in shaping sexual knowledge. At the same time, it has found that classical material can be used to challenge and nuance the sexological categories which emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries and which have subsequently dominated both scientific and popular understanding [ 3.3, 3.4, 3.6]. This research has shown how and why historical material can enable critical reflection on cultural norms and assumptions, while providing distance and authority that mitigates embarrassment – findings that have been implemented within the developing Sex & History method.

3. References to the research

  1. Rebecca Langlands, Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2006)

  2. Kate Fisher and Rebecca Langlands ‘The Censorship Myth and the Secret Museum’ in S. Hales and J. Paul (eds.), Pompeii in the Popular Imagination from its Rediscovery to Today, (OUP Classical Presences Series, 2011): 301-315

  3. Kate Fisher and Rebecca Langlands (eds.) Sex, Knowledge, and Receptions of the Past (Classical Presences series, OUP 2015, including co-authored chapter Kate Fisher and Rebecca Langlands ‘Bestiality on the Bay of Naples: the Herculaneum Pan and Goat’ (pp. 86-110)

  4. Jana Funke and Rebecca Langlands ‘The Reception of Rome in English Sexology’ in Jennifer Ingleheart (ed.) Ancient Rome and the Construction of Modern Homosexual Identities (2015, Classical Presences series OUP): 109-125

  5. Rebecca Langlands, Kate Fisher and Jen Grove (2016) ‘‘Sex and History’: talking sex with objects from the past’ in Mary Lou Rasmussen and Louisa Allen (eds.) Handbook of Sexuality Education, (Palgrave, London): 29-51.

  6. Kate Fisher, Jana Funke, Jen Grove, Rebecca Langlands ‘Illustrating Phallic Worship: Uses of Material Objects in Antiquarianism and Sexual Science’ in special issue of Word & Image 33 “Mediating the Materiality of the Past, 1720-1930” (2017): 324-337

4. Details of the impact

This case study is related to a 2014 one, where a teaching resource piloted in Cornwall revealed the potential of object-based learning in sex education, and preliminary collaborations with museums in Plymouth, Truro and Exeter demonstrated the value of engaging young people with sexually themed museum collections. However, this new case study relies on a substantial corpus of new research (in addition to that which informed the previous case study) and reflects an entirely new body of impact. Since 2014, the Sex & History teaching resource piloted in Cornwall has been replaced by an entirely new suite of resources using new objects, and in collaboration with leading sex educationalists, a more robust method has been established and disseminated.

Empowering young people, teachers, youth workers and charities with innovative RSE resources

In 2014, Langlands, Fisher and Grove, in collaboration with two professional sex educators, devised an educational method based on historical objects embedded in a series of RSE resources for Key Stages 4 and 5. Now with an additional set of dedicated LGBT resources, produced in 2017 in collaboration with national educational charity Schools Out, these have been available in the UK and globally online since 2014 [ 5.1].

Teachers report that the resources ‘work incredibly well’ [ 5.2] and leading sex educationalists highlight their value in promoting cross-curricular approaches and giving teachers confidence by incorporating the ways they are used to teaching into the delivery of sex education [ 5.3]. They emphasise the benefits of ‘distancing the discussion’ around topics like pornography, making them easier to approach [ 5.3]. This encourages students who would otherwise be too embarrassed to talk [ 5.3] leading to a ‘much better and safer discussion than an open debate’ [ 5.3]. They add that the resources are unusual in providing ‘interesting and challenging resources that extend learning’ for pupils in KS5, making RSE more ‘than just a pastoral intervention, but actually an intellectual and interesting part of the curriculum’ [ 5.3]. This is supported by feedback from teachers and pupils: ‘It is fascinating to see historical objects used to discuss modern-day issues with clear links for students to follow. This will allow students to develop critical thinking and analysis skills *.*’ (Beck, secondary history teacher) [ 5.2]. ‘I overheard a boy telling his mum about it at the end of the day. He was really fired up about it. Sounds like an awesome session.’ (teacher, Bath) [ 5.2]. ‘Really, really great. Inspired a good discussion.’ (pupil) [ 5.2]

Sex & History has also proved effective in specialist educational settings. In 2016, a pupil referral unit in Exeter used the method in a week-long drama project with three pupils who had experienced forms of sexual exploitation. Reported outcomes include increase in confidence, ‘bonding’ and ‘promoting relationships between staff and students…so vital in the units’ [ 5.2] . In Cornwall, sexual health charity Brook used the method with a group of young fathers, reporting increased confidence in discussing sexual issues [ 5.2].  In Plymouth, as part of the ‘HOLD project’, pioneering social enterprise Effervescent Arts used the method from 2016-2020 with small groups of young people with experiences of severe childhood trauma, including domestic violence, substance abuse and sexual exploitation, resulting in six exhibitions/ installations at Radiant Gallery for periods of two to four months. The impact on the 39 children involved was substantial. Data collected six months after the end of the project showed significant increases in all attainment, wellbeing and behavioural measures [ 5.4], while the resulting exhibitions also had an impact on those who work with at-risk young people. Representatives from the NSPCC recommended that the ‘Poison’ exhibition (2017) be incorporated into the charity’s programme for continuing professional development, with a youth worker commenting: ‘This will help and further my understanding of hidden harm. I work with children who suffer from developmental trauma in schools. I think you could achieve a shift in educational understanding if you presented this in schools. It would beat the PowerPoint presentations I deliver on the subject *.*’ [ 5.4]

Since 2014, the teaching resources have been freely accessible worldwide via the TES website, from which they have been downloaded 1,318 times (as of December 2020), with a 4.8/5 star rating. The LGBT resources hosted by the University of Exeter have been downloaded 2,467 times (as of December 2020) [ 5.1]. The resource has been downloaded worldwide (e.g., in September-December 2020 alone, in Ireland, France, Iceland, Hong Kong and New Zealand). In France, the resources are being used in the creation of an association for the promotion of inclusive sex education [ 5.2].

The team has worked directly with more than 50 schools (2014-20) to deliver both training to teachers and RSE lessons to pupils [ 5.2]. However, the Sex & History method has been more widely disseminated across the country through its enthusiastic take-up by highly regarded external agencies. The Sex Education Forum (SEF) is the foremost umbrella network for RSE in the UK, dedicated to quality and equitable RSE, delivering lessons in schools as well as in-depth training to teachers. For example, one member of staff estimated she had delivered lessons to over 400 children and trained over 200 teachers in the past two years [ 5.3]. In addition, since 2015 SEF have integrated Sex & History resources into various training programmes, including: the government-funded anti-homophobic, -biphobic and -transphobic bullying programme delivered to over 800 schools through face-to-face training (2015-9); the core training package in all 38 secondary schools in East Sussex over a two-year period; and SEF’s national training portfolio, including approximately 20 one-day training sessions per year (each attended by about 30 people), reaching roughly 600 teachers annually, and 1000s over the past five years [ 5.3].

Another key organisation, School of Sexuality Education (formerly Sexplain), developed its programme in consultation with Sex & History, using the resources as part of its portfolio to deliver intersectional, feminist and sex-positive workshops since its inception in 2016. It is now a leading sex-education provider in the UK, working with 33,000+ young people in 200+ schools, delivering training for 250+ teachers, and featuring Sex & History in a PGCE short course at UCL Institute of Education [ 5.3]. The organisation’s co-founder and CEO notes that the ‘materials are cleverly crafted to allow young people to objectively discuss relevant social issues such as bodily autonomy, gender and sexual pleasure in a way that is removed from their personal lives and experiences… We have found Sex & History particularly useful in addressing anxieties around discussing porn… [it has] influenced our own practice in delivering sex education’ [ 5.3]. These organisations also highlight the uniqueness of Sex & History in its allowing teachers to integrate it into the broader curriculum, and helping them deliver LGBTQ-inclusive RSE, ‘a challenge for many teachers, particularly those who have not received training or who do not have support of senior leadership. The Sex and History resource filled a gap in that it looked more broadly at the social and historical context.’

In 2020, Langlands delivered teacher training via webinars, reaching an international audience: 20 members of the National Youth Agency (UK), 90+ teachers through National Education Union, 40 teachers in Hong Kong via the English Schools Foundation and 31 members of the UK Army Welfare Services (working in Cyprus, Kenya and Belize). [5.2]

Informing the development and delivery of curricula and new statutory requirements for comprehensive RSE provision

The impact of the Sex & History method on the delivery of RSE across the UK is widely acclaimed. In December 2017, it was commended by national charity the Family Planning Association for innovation and good practice in RSE [ 5.5]. In 2018 it was endorsed by Public Health England [ 5.6]. It is one of the featured resources on the PSHE Association website, and Sex & History lesson plans also feature in the Department for Education-recommended handbook Great Relationships and Sex Education (Hoyle and McGeeney 2019) [ 5.7].

As part of the development of a new statutory RSE policy in Wales, the team were invited to provide evidence at a Welsh Assembly expert panel in June 2017. The policy document informing the development of the new Welsh curriculum, including detailed guidance for schools, includes Sex & History as a case study of innovative and inclusive RSE [ 5.8]. The team also attended a UK parliament event in November 2017 that informed new guidelines on statutory RSE issued in 2019. Langlands and Fisher are regularly invited to contribute to policy and curriculum-building events for teachers, third-sector practitioners and government officials. These include the Healthy Sexual Development event for practitioners and teachers (Westminster, June 2017); Delivering Outstanding Sex and Relationships Education by Inside Government (provider of CPD for effective policy implementation to public and third sector – December 2018); Countdown to Statutory RSE with Sir Antony Seldon (Kingston, March 2019); PSHCE 200 Secondary Subject Leader Network (Hackney, July 2019) [ 5.9].

Generating new ways for museums to enhance health and wellbeing outcomes

In 2014, the Sex & History team curated the Intimate Worlds exhibition at the Royal Albert Memorial Museum (RAMM) in Exeter (April 5-June 29). With over 63,000 visitors, it was an important and innovative exhibition for RAMM [ 5.9] whose collections and content lead testifies that ‘Intimate Worlds provided an opportunity for RAMM to demonstrate to audiences and stakeholders the value and appeal of this type of subject matter, and its relevance… [it] helped to establish the status of the museum as a place for debate within Exeter .’ [ 5.10]

The exhibition and its potential to inform sex education attracted national and international media attention. It was the most-read story in BBC Education news for a week in April 2014 and showcased with vox-pop reactions on BBC Devon’s flagship breakfast show [ 5.10]. Its success shaped subsequent activities and policies at RAMM, including the sector-leading LGBT Rainbow Trail and the Queering the Museum project. [ 5.10] Following the exhibition, Langlands and the team were contacted by people across the museum sector, nationally and internationally, for advice on the display of sexually themed material, modes of youth engagement and the relationship between museums and RSE: curators at the Wellcome Collection sought their assistance in the development of the Institute of Sexology exhibition (London, 2014-15, 200,000 visitors); they were approached on an education programme regarding sexual health at the Women’s Museum of Denmark in Aarhus in 2015; and they collaborated on the ‘Sex in Six Objects’ project in Cambridge in 2016 [ 5.11].

Since 2018 the Sex & History method’s applicability to museums has featured on the Museum Studies MA programme at University of Leicester [ 5.11]. Stuart Frost, of the British Museum, evaluated the Intimate Worlds exhibition in a study exploring the potential for attitudes to sex and sexuality to be explored in UK museums [ 5.11]. The British Museum subsequently developed its own Let’s Talk about Sex programme, and has since collaborated with Langlands and the team in advising a group of museums in Berlin (2015 to present). This has resulted in a permanent activity for visiting schools at the Bode Museum; a major exhibition, The Eroticism of Things: Collections on the History of Sexuality, at the Werkbundarchiv in Berlin in 2018 and subsequently at the Erotic Art Museum (WEAM) in Miami Beach, Florida in 2019; and the introduction of object-based learning about sexuality at the WEAM, including indexing, researching, curating and exhibiting many objects from the Naomi Wilzig collection that have never previously been displayed [ 5.11]. The 2018 Museums as Spaces of Wellbeing report, produced by the UK’s Culture, Health and Wellbeing Alliance, features Sex & History as an example of best practice – further evidence of its wide-ranging impact on the museum sector [ 5.6].

5. Sources to corroborate the impact

  1. Teachers’ resource (TES) and LGBT+ resources; download data.

  2. Teacher and pupil feedback to RSE sessions and teacher trainings (emails, evaluation documents from webinars; webinar video screenshot; written feedback from school-based sessions; feedback from Brook session; feedback from Pupil Referral Unit).

  3. Testimonials from leading sex educationalists (Sex Education Forum, School of Sexuality Education, Dr Eleanor Draeger, Dec 2020).

  4. HOLD project report (Jun 2020). Letter from Eloïse Malone, Effervescent Chief Executive (Dec 2020).

  5. Family Planning Association’s Pamela Sheridan Award for innovative relationships and sex education, Dec 2017.

  6. Museums as Spaces of Wellbeing report 2018; Public Health England endorsement

  7. PSHE Association features S&H screenshot; Great Relationships and Sex Education (Hoyle and McGeeney 2019).

  8. Welsh Assembly Report December 2017 Informing the Future of the Sex and

Relationships Education Curriculum in Wales.

  1. Details of conference attendances and invitations.

  2. Intimate Worlds evidence (RAMM testimonial; exhibition impact report – internal); RAMM email on visitor figures; media coverage).

  3. Evidence of impact on the museum sector (emails from curators; testimonial from Andreas Kraß, Berlin, Jan 2021; Stuart Frost article).

Submitting institution
University of Exeter
Unit of assessment
29 - Classics
Summary impact type
Societal
Is this case study continued from a case study submitted in 2014?
No

1. Summary of the impact

Research by Galluzzo, Gill and Leith has informed new holistic approaches to happiness and wellbeing through engagement with ideas from ancient philosophy. Credited with launching the Stoic renaissance in contemporary society, the team have worked with members of the public interested in life-guidance as well as with psychotherapists and therapeutic practitioners. Transformative impacts have been delivered through the international network Modern Stoicism and a Shared Learning Project in collaboration with U3A Exeter. They included:

  • Increasing wellbeing for thousands of people globally, through initiatives including the annual Stoic Week and Stoicon events, as well as online resources and co-produced research.

  • Inspiring research to develop wellbeing scales, protocols and tools.

  • Influencing professional practice by promoting a more holistic and comprehensive approach to wellbeing and opening up new pathways for counselling and psychotherapy.

  • Engaging the Public in Stoicism.

2. Underpinning research

Research from the unit (Gill, Galluzzo and Leith) has been characterised by two complementary approaches to ancient philosophy: 1) the analysis of the foundational elements of ancient thought, (2) and the dialogue between ancient philosophical ideas and contemporary philosophy, with a view to their application to contemporary life. It has explored several disciplinary areas, with particular reference to ethics, metaphysics and the interface between science and philosophy.

The ethical strand of the research was initiated by Gill (in post until Dec 2013, subsequently Emeritus Professor) and played a crucial role in the birth of the Modern Stoicism project. Modern Stoicism is an international network of academics, psychotherapists and philosophical counsellors who collaborate in presenting ancient philosophical ideas, especially Stoic ones, to a broad public audience, offering reflective life-guidance directed at promoting happiness and wellbeing. Exeter researchers have been at the centre of the project from the beginning, with a leading role in the management of its activities, preparing the materials used and advising on the assessment methods. The project derives initially from an AHRC-funded workshop in Sept 2012 and a public engagement project (funded by an AHRC ‘Follow-on’ award of £30K in Sept-Dec 2013). Both activities were based on Gill’s 2013 monograph on Marcus Aurelius [ 3.5]. More broadly, they drew on Gill’s research in Hellenistic and Roman thought on psychology and ethics [ 3.4], and the interface with ancient medicine, especially Galen [ 3.5], which were supported in 2003-7 and 2012 by a Leverhulme Major Research Fellowship and AHRC funding, respectively. A key relevant feature of this research is that it analyses the philosophical basis for the ethical guidance (including the ‘therapy of emotions’) offered by ancient philosophers and Galen, and correlates this guidance with modern life-guidance and psychotherapy.

Since his appointment (2013), Galluzzo has added to research in ancient philosophy within the unit a distinctly theoretical component as well as a methodology to bridge the gap between ancient and modern ideas. He has worked on core concepts of Aristotle’s metaphysics – such as substance, essence, matter and form – and has pursued an interdisciplinary research agenda on the interface between history of ancient philosophy and contemporary metaphysics. The volume on universals in ancient philosophy that Galluzzo co-edited in 2013 [ 3.1] and his paper on the Aristotelian understanding of numbers [ 3.2] are particularly representative of his agenda. Fundamental to this agenda has been the engagement with contemporary debates in ontology and metaphysics, and with the way ancient philosophical thought has been transformed and adapted by contemporary philosophers.

This methodological approach underpins Galluzzo’s use of ancient philosophical ideas, especially Aristotelian and Stoic ones, as a basis for modern self-guidance and ethical debate in adult education forums, including the Shared Learning Project with the Exeter chapter of the U3A. This project was designed and conducted together with Sanja Djerasimovic (impact researcher at Exeter) – and with Leith participating as one of the researchers – and explored fundamental principles of ancient philosophy comparing them to modern ideas on happiness. The project built on three workshops run by Galluzzo for U3A Exeter (‘Aristotle on happiness’ in 2015, ‘The theory of everything? On the role of philosophy in the ancient world’ in 2017, largely based on [ 3.1] and [ 3.2], and ‘Ancient recipes for happiness’ in 2019). Since 2013, Galluzzo has also been one of the leading figures in the Modern Stoicism network. His contribution to the activities of Modern Stoicism has been supported by a £10K grant from the US-based Recanati-Kaplan foundation.

Leith (appointed in 2013) has made a significant contribution to our understanding of the connection between ancient medicine and ancient philosophy. He has worked on Greek and Roman theoretical approaches to medicine, particularly those that challenge the Hippocratic-Galenic tradition that is better known today. His research emphasises the variety of ways in which different philosophical theories were used to shape and inform ancient approaches to health and wellbeing [ 3.6]. Leith has been involved in the management of the Modern Stoicism project and has acted as a researcher in the Shared Leaning Project with the U3A Exeter.

3. References to the research

  1. G. Galluzzo, R. Chiaradonna (eds.) Universals in Ancient Philosophy (Pisa 2013). Can be supplied on request.

  2. G. Galluzzo, ‘Substantiae sunt sicut numeri. Aristotle on the structure of numbers’. In Sialaros M (ed.), Revolutions and Continuity in Greek Mathematics, (Berlin 2018), 295-317.https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110565959\-011 Submitted to REF2021

  3. Gill, C., The Structured Self in Hellenistic and Roman Thought (Oxford 2006). DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198152682.001.0001 Submitted to RAE2008

  4. Gill, C., Naturalistic Psychology in Galen and Stoicism (Oxford 2010). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009840X12000558 Submitted to REF2014

  5. Gill, C. Marcus Aurelius Meditations Books 1-6, translated with introduction and commentary (Oxford 2013). Submitted to REF2014

  6. D. Leith, ‘Herophilus and Erasistratus on the hēgemonikon’, in B. Inwood & J. Warren (eds.), Body and Soul in Hellenistic Philosophy. Proceedings of the 2016 Symposium Hellenisticum (Cambridge 2020). DOI: 10.1017/9781108641487.003 Submitted to REF2021

4. Details of the impact

Research by Galluzzo, Gill and Leith has informed new holistic approaches to happiness and wellbeing through engagement with ideas from ancient philosophy. Through the international network Modern Stoicism and a Shared Learning Project in collaboration with U3A Exeter transformative impacts have been evidenced.

Tim LeBon and Donal Robertson – two accredited psychotherapists who have been involved from the start in the initiatives of the Modern Stoicism network – emphasise in their impact statement that “the impact of the Exeter-based academics has been positive and transformative” and indeed “ phenomenal”, and identify three areas of impact [ 5.1]: increasing wellbeing for members of the public taking part in international activities and online courses; inspiring medical research to develop wellbeing scales and protocols; and opening up new pathways for holistic wellbeing counselling and psychotherapy for therapeutic practitioners.

Increasing wellbeing for thousands of people globally, through initiatives, online resources and co-produced research

  1. The Modern Stoicism Project

Since October 2013, the Modern Stoicism Project has operated through three main channels: an annual introductory online course (Stoic Week) supplemented by focused four-week courses (Stoic Mindfulness and Resilience Training); an edited blog, Modern Stoicism, carrying short articles on Stoic ideas and life-guidance; and an annual public event (Stoicon), on Stoic philosophy and its practical applications. The huge appetite among the public for the ancient philosophy-based approach to wellbeing is demonstrated by the large number of people who follow the activity of the network: the website has 40,800 subscribers (and 30,000 viewers monthly), the Facebook Stoicism Group has to date nearly 84,000 followers, and the Twitter page over 24,000 [ 5.2].

The project expanded steadily and significantly throughout 2013-2020, with the number of people taking the annual online course growing from around 2,000 in the first year to more than 8,000 in 2018. Participants span all age groups, genders and continents [ 5.3]. The four-week course, devised by Donald Robertson with £4,000 funding from the AG Leventis Foundation (enabled by the unit), regularly attracts more than 1,000 participants [ 5.3; 5.4]. Two volumes of articles from the blog have been published in 2014 and 2016 by Patrick Ussher, a former Exeter graduate student. The annual Stoicon event has been held in London (2013-15, 2018), New York (2016), Toronto (2017) and Athens (2019) and participants regularly number more than 300. Galluzzo and Gill have run workshops (on social media; external goods; happiness; environmental responsibility) with small groups at each of the annual events, with written versions published in the blog. One significant spin-off of the network activities has been the creation, in 2017, of a non-profit limited company, based in Exeter (directed by Galluzzo and Gill, and by Leith as well until 2019). The company enables the network to gain financial support, mainly through private donations, and so fund both the activities and the underlying medical research.

The effectiveness of these initiatives and courses in increasing people’s wellbeing has been assessed over the years by LeBon and Robertson through direct engagement with participants and online surveys. All findings consistently show that engagement with Stoicism has generated considerable improvements in life-satisfaction – of about 14% as an average on the one-week course, and 27% on the four-week course [ 5.3; 5.4]. Free-form responses confirm the transformative effect that online courses in particular had on participants. One response describes the four-week course as “a life-changing experience”; another observes that it “empowered people to take charge of their own lives, their own selves” [ 5.4].

  1. The U3A Shared Learning Project – ‘Happiness across the ages’

The three workshops run by Galluzzo between 2015 and 2019 for the U3A Exeter were attended by an average of 45 participants, with feedback emphasising their transformative effects on the audiences’ ideas and attitudes. Participants observed that the workshops “would improve standards of personal contentment from the point of view of being more reasonable in my approach to everyday matters”, that they “led to reflection of current difficult situation and challenged my instinctive response to this”, and “helped [me] to understand the relevance of ancient philosophy to my present way of life” [ 5.5].

The success of these interactive workshops led to the creation of an intergenerational project (‘Happiness across the ages’), modelled on the U3A Shared Learning Projects. Galluzzo, Djerasimovic and Leith worked with a group of six U3A members and eight Exeter students to provide them with tools to reflect on, and explore within their communities, experiences of happiness, supporting lifelong learning and wellbeing. Participants conducted independent research in ancient philosophy (guided by Galluzzo) and received training (led by Djerasimovic) in conducting qualitative social research projects. Data was generated through 18 original cross-generational interviews, based on research questions and the interview protocol jointly developed by the whole team. The project continued with great success despite the Covid-19 crisis, thanks to participants’ enthusiasm and commitment, concluding with a research report jointly produced by students and U3A members [ 5.6] Findings were also published in October 2020 in an article on the ‘Sources Online’ section of the U3A webpage [ 5.7].

A questionnaire-based evaluation of the project’s benefits [ 5.8] indicated the intellectual, social and interpersonal benefits of meaningful engagement, across two generations, with ancient philosophical thought. Both U3A members and students emphasised the transformative effects in terms of skill acquisition, with one U3A member describing the project as an “eye-opener in terms of skills and perspectives on happiness”, and one student observing: “This project has allowed me to gain a wider perspective, not just on happiness, but on life itself.” [ 5.8] For U3A members, the project provided an opportunity for stimulation, creativity and beneficial social interaction. For the students, the project offered a chance to grow personally and gain new perspectives on life: “Ageing is a taboo subject, so I really never got a chance to speak about it. However, this project … has given me the rare opportunity to speak to people of different generations, to understand their viewpoints and their perspectives. After listening to theirs, I feel like I have a better sense of what happiness is.” [ 5.8]

Inspiring research to develop wellbeing scales, protocols and tools

A notable feature of the Modern Stoicism Project is the scale and complexity of the assessment of the value of the activities in promoting wellbeing through self-reporting questionnaires. Questionnaires have been analysed by LeBon and Robertson, and the findings of the analysis have been published in the reports on the annual week-long course (by LeBon [ 5.3]), and on the four-week course (by Robertson [ 5.4]). In this context, a new, clinically relevant protocol has been designed and trialled [ 5.3]. The Stoic Attitudes and Behaviours Scale (SABS) is intended to track the specific effects of Stoic guidance in promoting wellbeing. The scale measures wellbeing and self-satisfaction through a series of parameters inspired by Stoic ethics, including flourishing, taking control of one’s life, developing positive emotions and reducing negative ones.

‘Happiness across the Ages’ produced a toolkit [ 5.9] for conducting intergenerational projects. This was aimed both at third-age-facing organisations looking to develop shared educational projects with and for their members and communities, and at academics trying to develop meaningful experiences for their students at the intersection of teaching and research. The toolkit has been endorsed by national U3A and will be hosted on their website [ 5.7]. In November 2020, one member of the team presented the toolkit to over 100 members of U3A, obtaining “positive, excited, fascinated” feedback [ 5.7]. The National Shared Learning Project Ambassador for U3A has described the project as “a national example of excellence by the U3A” [ 5.7]. The toolkit has been further disseminated and has already been endorsed by Generations Working Together, a Scottish charitable organisation, which expressed the intention of including it in their learning resources [ 5.7].

Influencing professional practice by promoting a more holistic and comprehensive approach to wellbeing and opening up new pathways for counselling and psychotherapy

In his impact statement [ 5.1], LeBon cites the increasing number of practitioners who are incorporating Stoic ideas into CBT and therapy as a result of participation in the Modern Stoicism’s activities and of attendance at his specialist sessions on Stoicism and therapeutic applications. Moreover, he mentions the creation of a professional Stoic-informed CBT supervision group. Finally, Robertson comments on the boom of publications on Stoicism and life-guidance (“a whole genre of self-help that barely existed before”) for which the Modern Stoicism project has been a catalyst [ 5.1].

Engaging the Public in Stoicism

The Modern Stoicism project has attracted extensive media coverage and public interest, both nationally and internationally [ 5.10], Gill featuring in an episode of BBC Radio 4’s Today programme and Galluzzo interviewed for an article in the New York Times [ 5.10]. In his 2019 book The Stoic Atlas, Chuck Chakrapani, the director of the popular website The Stoic Gym and editor of the magazine The Stoic, reconstructs the history of modern Stoicism and locates in the research activities of the Exeter team the beginning of the Stoic renaissance in contemporary society [ 5.10].

5. Sources to corroborate the impact

  1. Impact Statements from T. LeBon (30/06/2020) and D. Robertson (02/07/2020) on the research conducted on the efficacy of Stoicism in promoting wellbeing.

  2. Modern Stoicism Facebook and Twitter Groups Data (screenshots).

  3. Stoic Week Reports 2015-2018 by Tim LeBon.

  4. D. Robertson’s report on the Stoic Mindfulness and Resilience Training (SMRT) 2014.

  5. Feedback Questionnaire from the 2019 Workshop with U3A Exeter.

  6. U3A Shared Learning Project ‘Happiness across the ages’ - Final Report.

  7. Endorsements File (Feedback from presentation of Toolkit to U3A members [November-December 2020]; U3A commitment to host toolkit and report online [17/12/202]; Generations Working Together endorsement [December 2020], and U3A Sources Online article [19/10/2020]).

  8. Interim report from the U3A Shared Learning Project. July 2020. Internal to Exeter.

  9. U3A Shared Learning Project – Toolkit.

  10. Media Coverage and Public Interest file (Modern Stoicism website: https://modernstoicism.com/; New York Times Article [06/12/2016]; Chuck Chakrapani’s The Stoic Atlas).

Submitting institution
University of Exeter
Unit of assessment
29 - Classics
Summary impact type
Societal
Is this case study continued from a case study submitted in 2014?
No

1. Summary of the impact

In 2015, there were 65.3 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, with a high proportion living in camps for extended periods of time, some over several generations. Isayev’s research on ancient mobility has shown that while such rates of human mobility are not unique, camps designed to cope with forced migration have few parallels in the past and are a recent political compromise that limits the rights and freedoms of refugees. The long perspective offered by Isayev’s research on mobility and constructions of place, hospitality and belonging, and her wide-ranging, collaborative work with refugee communities, artists, NGOs, educationalists, and policymakers across Europe, Africa and the Middle East exposed new and diverse forms of agency, self-representation, archiving and heritage-building, thereby counteracting victimisation of refugees, and achieved the following impacts:

  • Challenged assumptions around mobility as being outside of the norm and reshaped discourses of belonging and heritage engaging with practitioners in refugee camps.

  • Engaged international artistic practice to promote reflection on, and self-expression of the predicament of people who are displaced.

  • Transformed perception of migration through educational activities and offered educational and teaching opportunities for refugees.

  • Contributed to UK and international heritage policy discourse.

2. Underpinning research

For over a decade, human mobility, displacement and constructions of place and belonging have been central to Isayev’s work, and collective initiatives, involving NGOs, international artists and scholars in confronting these themes. Her investigative laboratory has been primarily the ancient world, employing diverse forms of evidence and reading it against the grain. In particular, she employs contemporary discourse on constructions of place and relational approaches to spatiality. These are used to gain a better understanding of the past and to position contemporary concerns within a broader discourse, thus emphasising the transience of current socio-cultural conventions.

Mobility and construction of place

Isayev’s monograph, Migration, Mobility and Place in Ancient Italy [ 3.1], challenges prevailing conceptions of a natural tie to the land and a demographically settled world, arguing that much human mobility was cyclical and ongoing. Starting from ancient Italy, it highlights moments of change in conceptualising mobility and those on the move, and reframes notions of belonging by drawing on theories from geographical discourse, and what it means to experience the world relationally. The research for this book was made possible by fellowships from the Davis Centre at Princeton and the AHRC (2010-12). This theme of mobility was also explored in her articles on diaspora [ 3.3] and the visibility of those on the move [ 3.5], which emerge from Isayev’s long-standing interest in theories of generational conflict, globalisation and diaspora.

Displacement and the institution of asylum and refugeehood

Isayev’s research also specifically explores the institution of asylum and refugeehood in an interdisciplinary and international context. This research is concerned with the agency and role of those who have been displaced, drawing on insights from the ancient world, and working with colleagues and partners in contemporary refugee contexts [ 3.2]. Building on recent challenges to the conceptualisation of statelessness, human rights, citizenship, and borders, it assesses the extent to which the political practices of people who are displaced defy their condition of rightlessness [ 3.6]. It also addresses the extent to which the ‘right to have rights’ (H. Arendt) still remains within the confines of a state-centric international law, despite advances in the institutionalisation of human rights norms [ 3.4]. Supported by research fellowships (Australia’s National University, 2017, and University of Tübingen’s Center for Advanced Studies, 2018), Isayev developed a research programme to chart diachronically the transformation of the relationship between hospitality and asylum, and the way it is affected by changes in state structure, the emergence of empire and the nation-state.

Belonging, archives and knowledge

The third strand of Isayev’s research brings together the different elements above and allows them to be put into practice, in considering how knowledge creation is affected by contexts of hospitality and hostility, and how these relate to space and place [ 3.4]. This research seeks to critically analyse the archive as a site of negotiation about visions of the future created through a curated view of the past, and read it against the grain to bring out its multi-vocality. Isayev is co-investigator with Staffan Müller-Wille on the BA/Leverhulme-funded project ‘Knowledges in Transit’, which looks at Linnaeus’s Lapland expedition journal, and uses translation and travel as innovative tools for decolonising the archive. Isayev reads the journal to expose the indigenous and women’s knowledge, among others, that Linnaeus relied on. This pilot project allowed Isayev and Müller-Wille to follow parts of his route in Finland and Sweden, and to build a network of potential collaborators in the humanities, arts and heritage sector.

In January 2020, Isayev was awarded, as PI, a GCRF Network Plus grant (£150k development grant, £2 million for the network grant) for the project ‘Imagining Futures through Un/Archived Pasts’. This aims to create protocols for egalitarian archival practices that challenge a singular ‘we’ and, employing dissensus methodologies, allows for co-existence and recognition of multiple experiences and narratives of the past. The grant forges a partnership with American University of Beirut, British Research Institutes Overseas, UCL, Central Saint Martins, University of Arts London, University of Ghana, University of Stellenbosch, and Stella Maris University College in Tanzania, as well as several non-academic partners. Despite the delays caused by the COVID-19 crisis, the network activities have already connected creators and institutions in Africa, the Middle East, North America and Europe – currently, for example, with a joint agreement between the research team and Lindi Regional Commissioners Office for a funding application to create a Future Memory Culture Centre in Tanzania’s Lindi province.

3. References to the research

  1. Migration, Mobility and Place in Ancient Italy. Cambridge University Press. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316440612.

  2. Displacement and the Humanities. (Guest editor, co-editing with Evan Jewell.) Special Issue of the international, open access journal Humanities. 2020. Available on request.

  3. Emerging Diasporas? Oscan-speaking Mamertines, Romans and Italia. In Meller H. et al. (eds.), Migration and Integration from Prehistory to the Middle Ages. (9th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany, October 20-22, 2016). Tagungen des Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale), Vol. 17. 2017, 183 -196. Available on request.

  4. Hospitality: A timeless measure of who we are? In M. Berg and E. Fiddian Qasmiyeh (eds.) Hospitality and Hostility Towards Migrants: Global Perspectives. Special Inaugural Issue of Migration and Society: Advances in Research, 1, 2018: 7-21. https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/migration\-and\-society/1/1/arms010103.xml

  5. Elusive migrants of ancient Italy. In J. Clackson, K. McDonald, L. Tagliapietra and N. Zair (eds.), Migration, Mobility and Language Contact in the Ancient Mediterranean. Cambridge University Press. 2020, 53-74.

https://doi-org.uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1017/9781108763943.003.

  1. Between Hospitality and Asylum: a Historical Perspective on Agency. In International Review of the Red Cross, Migration and Displacement. Vol. 99, No. 904, 2017: 1-24. 10.1017/S1816383117000510

4. Details of the impact

Isayev’s impact activities have been based on both direct interaction with refugees and migrants, and collaboration with organisations and individuals taking the impact beyond her initial direct involvement.

Reshaping discourses of heritage and belonging with and in refugee camps

Isayev’s research is changing discourses relating to the refugee experience and increasing opportunities for self-representation by asylum seekers and refugees. Since 2015, Isayev has worked with Campus in Camps, an experimental educational platform working with West Bank refugee camps, and Decolonising Architecture (DAAR), which combines architecture, art and activism to deliver new forms of critique, political engagement and collective learning. In November 2015, she delivered two workshops at the Dheisheh refugee camp, where approximately 15,000 refugees live [ 5.1]. Drawing insights from her work on ancient migration [ 3.1], the workshops reconsidered contemporary concerns among displaced communities around heritage, belonging, identity, and borders. They looked at projects in public spaces which transgress existing social, cultural and political power structures that limit ‘minority’ place-making, and thus critique integration. They delivered new ways of representing camps and refugees to an audience of 60-80, which included volunteers, residents of camps, architects, community workers, academics and students [ 5.1]. Participating groups included Riwaq (a heritage rehabilitation and conservation organisation based in Ramallah and working with surrounding communities), Al-Finieq (a community and learning centre in the Dheisheh camp), and Detour (a community group that leads an alternative tourist tour through refugee camps and surrounding Palestinian region). According to DAAR founder Alessandro Petti, the workshops produced new ideas about constructing histories and alternative storytelling that were tested in touring through refugee camps. He stated that these ideas “will be used to conduct new tours with different audiences around the Refugee Campus” and anticipated that the new methods would affect 2,500-12,000 beneficiaries per year, including visitors, campus communities and guides [ 5.1].

Further engaging with the forms of alternative knowledge, representation and belonging within camps, in 2018 Isayev visited Beirut and Burje Refugee Camp to explore practices of self-archiving and potential for future archiving by camp residents. The visit led to an invitation to draw on her work on migration, hospitality and displacement [ 3.4, 3.6], and present at an annual gathering of professionals, academics, and students in the Beirut City Debates, an event dedicated to issues of urbanisation in the region [ 5.2]. This collaboration was extended into the GCRF-funded ‘Imagining Futures through Un/Archived Pasts’, with the Arab Palestinian Cultural Club based in Badawi camp in Lebanon as one of the partners. The latter commended the 2019 fieldwork at the camp and the project for “‘its focus on creative and participatory practices including photography, oral histories and creative writing, leading to workshops and exhibitions in the camp [which] will be of great interest and benefit to the members of the camp” [ 5.3].

Using art to promote reflection on and self-expression of displaced communities

Art is a powerful means of conveying messages and of self-expression, especially in emotional and challenging contexts. Isayev’s collaborations with creative practitioners have influenced their practices and contributed to the representation and public understanding of people who are displaced in Europe and the Middle East. Building on the success of her work with Campus in Camps, in 2017 Isayev co-founded (with architect Diego Segatto [Italy] and critical pedagogue Isshaq AlBarbary [Palestine]) Almaisha [ 5.4]. This initiative critically explores hospitality, collective learning and politics beyond the nation state, drawing on her research on ancient and contemporary perspectives on these issues [ 3.1; 3.2; 3.4; 3.6]. Almaisha delivered collaborative artworks and workshops in Germany (e.g. with Bauhaus Museum Dessau, to develop new forms of pedagogy that promote collective learning [ 5.5]), the Netherlands and Greece, plus joint initiatives between the UK and Palestine [ 5.4]. These activities have promoted the understanding of the experience of displaced communities in the 21st century.

Isayev’s work with Almaisha has also enabled unique and profound opportunities for creative self-expression for refugees, while preserving understanding of the refugee experience. In 2018, Almaisha collaborated with the Office of Displaced Designers (ODD), an organisation that brings together designers from displaced and host communities in Lesvos. Here, Almaisha used collective practice also to enact Isayev’s findings on hospitality, agency and belonging, including ancient mapping [ 3.1, 3.4]. This resulted in transformational experiences for participants. An asylum seeker, Aref Husseini (who had previously described himself as an ‘uninvited guest’ on Lesvos), reported: Personally it was an amazing experience for me … I learned to see the world from a new perspective when it comes to belonging and place, to understand in depth [and] I decided to study philosophy. [ 5.6] The ODD collaboration led to an exhibition on the island and the co-authorship of the volume Inhabiting (2018). This is part of Almaisha’s ‘collective dictionary’ series, following on from the Campus in Camps publications, which contain definitions of concepts created in the processes of collective practice and learning, and are themselves forms of alternative archiving [ 5.4].

Almaisha was also invited to join a collaboration with the Franco-Moroccan women's collective Calypso3621 ° on its programme Out.of.the.blue.map, which brought together artists, curators, researchers and activists to create an alternative map of the Mediterranean in order to address the issues of permanent liminality and the governance systems that affect its borders. Isayev was engaged by Calypso3621° because her “interdisciplinary and inter-practice approaches lead to collective learning and research beyond the academy” [ 5.5]. The resulting output is exhibitions in Morocco and Marseille, as part of the Manifesta13 2020 biennale, unfortunately postponed due to COVID-19.

Transforming perception of migration and refugees through educational activities and offering educational opportunities for refugees

Another important volume in the ‘collective dictionary’ series, which also features on the Campus in Camps website, was Xenia (2019) [ 5.4], co-written by Isayev, her Almaisha collaborators, and her 3rd year BA and MA students on the Ancient Journeys and Migrants course at the University of Exeter. The course creates forms of practice-based and community-engaged learning and is a platform for collaborative activities that transform perceptions of migration and refugehood. In early 2019, Isayev worked with students to organise a project with a Palermo-based collective Giocherenda [5.7], comprising young migrants from several African countries who create games about storytelling and sharing, and engage communities in migration issues. The project focused on producing educational and creative opportunities to challenge attitudes and misconceptions about immigrants among children and the local Devon communities, building on Isayev’s work on refugee agency and displacement [ 3.2; 3.5].

Mustapha Conteh, a member of Giocherenda, visited Exeter in January-February 2019, where he worked with Isayev’s students to deliver day-long workshops with Year 7 pupils of Pilton Community College in Barnstaple, using Giocherenda’s method and other original activities to help pupils reimagine migration and movement. The experience positively contributed to pupils’ understanding and attitudes. Teachers commented that “…as a rural school in North Devon, pupils are not often confronted with ideas of migration, so it was good to challenge those ideas” and that “it has opened up some discussions in class in regards to migration and current news events”. [ 5.7]. Mustapha, who joined the programme driven by Giocherenda’s ambition to raise awareness about migration (he highlights one of the Barnstaple pupils noting that they thought “that only birds migrate”) described the visit as “enlightening” [ 5.7]. Giocherenda and Isayev’s students also worked with community organisation Refugee Support Devon (RSD), to organise a music jam session between students, locals and refugees.

Isayev acted as a trustee for RSD between 2015 and 2019. RSD attested to her contribution to the organisation’s strategic direction, informed by her research on the institutions of asylum and refugeehood [ 3.2, 3.4, 3.6], as being of great benefit, and especially her “spearhead[ing] the establishment of Exeter University as a University of Sanctuary”. “This has enabled a number of RSD’s clients to access scholarships at the university. Over the last year, four have been enabled to take up degree courses.” [ 5.8] Since 2017, the university has offered three scholarships per annum. A scholarship recipient has noted that the scholarship:

“removed the obstacle of accessing education as a refugee [and] allowed me to have a roof over my head in a warm room I can call my own for the first time on this continent. It also paved the way for me to focus on the things that matter the most and on a personal level, such as social integration and building a network. This scholarship allowed me to move on after the atrocities I have faced in my home country and abroad since 2011.” [ 5.9].

RSD’s chair also cites the benefit of the continuous link that Isayev provides “between RSD staff, volunteers and service users, [and] the university” [ 5.8], enabling learning experiences such as the music session, but also activities such as joint dinners and coastal walks (one of which in 2018 brought together around 35 refugee families, students and locals) [ 5.8].

The learning activities with RSD and Giocherenda in 2019 also led to an interactive summary The Storytelling Collective, created by students, which aimed to establish refreshed methods of discussing migration, journeys and the stories and networks that are created through them” [ 5.7]. Exeter students and guests who organised and participated in these activities spoke about their transformational effect, not only by lending “more human, mental and emotional aspects to the themes and academic ideas we discussed in the ‘traditional’ lectures every week”, but also by having a significant effect on their personal, professional, and even political choices. In the words of another student: “The project and ideas surrounding it have permeated almost everything I have done since, and I am thankful for the awareness it has provided me.” [ 5.7]

Contributing to UK and international heritage policy

In 2020 Isayev was invited to contribute her expertise to the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, to help shape UK policy concerning heritage and UN sustainable development goals [ 5.10]. On a supranational level, her research on migration and reading archives against the grain led to her invitation [ 5.10] by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction to join a UN Expert Panel in collaboration with the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, to develop a Words to Action Guide on ‘Using traditional knowledge for disaster risk reduction’. The guide provides advice to countries and practitioners on policies, programmes and innovative projects for mitigating, preparing and responding to various disaster risks. The guide will assist in the implementation of critical aspects of the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. [5.10]

5. Sources to corroborate the impact

  1. DAAR (founder) testimonial. 26/11/2015.

  2. AUB City Debates invitation letter. 31/10/2018.

  3. Arab Palestinian Cultural Club letter of support. 17/09/2019.

  4. Almaisha file (website www.viewalmaisha.org and Collective Dictionary publications Inhabiting and Xenia).

  5. Almaisha pedagogic and artistic collaborations (invitation to collaborate on Parliament of Schools. 17/07/2018; Bauhaus 21-24 March 2019 festival programme; Calypso3621° programme Out.of.the.blue.map).

  6. Testimonial from asylum seeker

  7. Ancient Journeys and Migrants file (Storytelling Collective; course student feedback July 2020; feedback from Giocherenda 27/07/2020).

  8. RSD file (Chair testimonial 23/07/2020; RSD newsletter summer 2018; report from Branscombe walk 17/02/2018).

  9. University of Exeter Sanctuary Scholarship ( https://universities.cityofsanctuary.org/what-universities-are-already-doing).

  10. DCMS policy event, UN invitations and further information on the development of the guide: https://www.preventionweb.net/experts/oped/view/73073

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