Impact case study database

The impacts arising from this research are an example of close integration between research and practice. Impacts occurred both during the research process and from the outcomes of the research. The impact from the research has ranged from policy/strategy, public education and impact on the growth of an international SME working in the social enterprise sector.

The reach of our work is potentially significant with a total of 153 youth offending teams in England and Wales. In March 2016, a total of 27,900 young people (aged 10-17) were convicted and sentenced by the courts (YJB, 2017). The vast majority of such young people are supervised in the community by the 12,000 personnel in Youth Offending Teams (YOTs). There are 153 multi-agency teams YOTs with representation from the police, probation, education, health and social services. The service also includes specialist workers, such as mental health practitioners, and substance misuse workers.

Our advocacy of the use of mobile technology (the MAYOT app) was embedded in the 2015-16 strategy of one large youth offending service, Worcestershire and Herefordshire YoS (now West Mercia YoS) [S1] as an example of innovative practice for engagement and dialogue between the case worker and the young person.

Before the app can be deployed in Youth Offending Service setting, staff undergo a rigorous training programme. Our conceptual and methodological training programme that focuses on the ethics of using social technology to promote engagement and empowerment in young offenders has been delivered to 20 YOTs in England and Wales in urban (e.g. London, Bradford, Leeds, and Newcastle), and rural (e.g. Worcestershire, Oxfordshire, and Cumbria) settings [S4].

The overarching and monitoring government body, the Youth Justice Board (YJB), has recognised the value and potential of our technology. In 2017, following a meeting between one of the co-investigators of the MAYOT project the then Parliamentary Under-secretary of State for Justice, Dr Phillip Lee invited the project team to contact the Youth Justice Board formally, to discuss our approach and update the YJB on the aims of the MAYOT app [S9]. The meeting took place on 29th November 2018 and included our deployment partners from the Youth Offending Services of West Mercia and Bromley. More recently, discussions have re-started and with the YJB and they are now considering an option to take ownership of the MAYOT technology to support wider deployment.

Further engagement with UK Government has also taken place through interactions with the Home Office. Following the rise in knife crime statistics in March 2019, the MAYOT team, along with the software development partner, GNB, met with the Home Office to elaborate how the MAYOT app could be used in the fight against knife crime. The team was invited to submit a proposal to evidence how the app could be applied in this setting by Tom McDonald from the Home Office.

The value of the app to the YoS was first noted by the Head of London Triborough YoS, who noted that the co-design process used by the team “helped develop confidence in our young people”. The senior leader was further was clear that: “The use of the MAYOT app encourages and supports positive engagement with young people and could reduce further offending by providing key information that young people may need such as what to do if you are arrested or drug information.” [S7].

The senior leader recognised the importance of such technology and when they moved to Bromley YOS, the team was again approached for engagement at Bromley.

In Autumn 2019, Bromley YOS agreed to adopt the MAYOT technology for use in the service. Dedicated training sessions to the entire Youth Offending Team and supporting services was provided (October 2019). (Letter of support/evidence: [S7]). Full deployment was planned for spring 2020 but has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown restrictions. A further deployment is now scheduled for February 2021.

Between July and October 2020, the Head of Western Essex YoS, responded to an Innovation call by Essex YoS and proposed the use of apps in a youth justice setting. Realising that such an app already existed, asked for MAYOT to be used at Western Region of Essex YoS. Training sessions for 8 case workers managing around 70 young people are scheduled for March 2021 with a deployment of the app planned for March 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in further delays. The Essex YoS has produced a compelling video available as source [S8]. Confirmation of the Essex YoS deployment plan is noted in source [S3].

We have worked with a range of key stakeholders through the entire design process. A key concern in the adoption of technology in challenging work environments, is the involvement of stakeholders. We instigated a co-design approach where case workers, managers (combined total, 17) and most importantly, the young people (10) were first class designers in the design processes used in the development of the MAYOT app. These were spread across three Youth Offending Services in England (London Triborough YoS, Hereford and Worcester YoS, and Oxfordshire YoS).

The voices of young people were central to the design of the app, their engagement in the co-design was an important characteristic and at times contradicted other stakeholders in the process such as magistrates. The co-design process ensured that all stakeholders were represented through the app. This tension of multiple views was a significant research outcome and has been documented in [R4, R5, R6].

Following availability of the app, a Train the Trainer workshop aimed at developing digital expertise in the use of the app, was delivered to all YoS in England, interested in attending. This workshop was attended by 21 case workers and their managers from 17 different YoS [S4]. In 2016, Further training was delivered to the Welsh Youth Offending Services: Monmouthshire & Torfaen, and Cwm Taf.

The professional body for Youth Offending team managers ( https://aym.org.uk) requested a contribution in the form of a short article for their regular magazine. The article is available in reference [S5]. Similarly, Magistrates form another critical set of stakeholders. In February 2015, we were invited to present to a meeting of 20 magistrates from Worcestershire. Following a detailed discussion, we were invited to contribute a short article for their newsletter (See Reference [S2]). Both articles are an example of knowledge transfer to communities outside the academic sector.

There has been international component to the impact. In 2016, The novelty and value of the work was identified by researchers at the University of Copenhagen who invited members of the team to join a research team seeking funding from the Innovation Fund of Denmark to address similar concerns in that country.

The project has had two further impacts. Firstly, value-sensitive design and co-design is essential practice where end-users are from marginalised communities. This has manifested itself through human, personal development. The lead developer on the original MAYOT project, Mr Lalith Athiappan gained significant requirements gathering and development experience and user interface design skills such that he was instrumental to a successful KTP proposal (No. KTP010041) working with a social enterprise Global Notice Board ( http://www.gnb.com).

Athiappan was able to apply the good practice design guidelines and the ability to design for different types of end-users to develop a look and feel for user interface platform for use for a commercially available estate agents app that was derived from his experience on the MAYOT app. He was also able to use his development experience from the MAYOT project to contribute towards the establishment of a software development team in India that specifically serviced the social enterprise (GNB) in London. In February 2018, Prof. B. Barn delivered a workshop on value sensitive design for mobile apps to the software development in India, emphasising the importance of understanding users in the co-design process and how values underpin acceptance of technology when working with marginalised users [S6/S5].

The systems we developed based on our user-centred systems engineering improvements and in our context-awareness reasoning and learning algorithms improvements described in section 2 were used to create systems which had a diversity of positive effects:

Societal Impact: our systems contributed to the quality of life of different sectors of society with special needs. Some of them such as people with Down’s Syndrome are usually very much neglected by technology as they are not appealing to the larger dominant innovation companies dominating the digital markets. During the POSEIDON project a total of 200 EU citizens (PwDS, carers and representatives of national organizations supporting PwDS) participated from the workshops and pilots. We gathered evidence people with Down’s Syndrome were both keener and more able to use modern digital solutions than previously perceived (see supporting evidence [So1]). Our system to support people with early stages of dementia relate to an increasing section of our ageing population who is willing to stay independent and healthier for longer whilst the human resources required are not sufficient. There is also increasing awareness in society about the negative effects of sedentary life on humans’ health. Our system to encourage more active lifestyles is building on that awareness to encourage citizens in Barnet to do more physical activity and benefit from that. Some features of the system aims to increase self-esteem, others to provide reasons for habit building and others to increase social contact within the community (see supporting evidence [So2]).

Capacity-building Impact: as part of various projects we developed and perfected methods and tools. They are available in project repositories (see supporting evidence [Ca1]) which we also disseminated through Tutorials and Keynotes at International Conferences as well as eight research students which are now innovators working in other organizations, half of them in business/industry. Our most recent application of the principles and tools we have designed to assist citizens with context awareness has been used by a company, GLL, to transition from traditional gym based physical activity as their only business model into incorporating app supported individual and team based physical activity. (see supporting evidence [Ca2])

Cultural Impact: we informed relevant decision-makers of the findings of our research which have impact in their specific section of society:

• We helped Down’s Syndrome associations to understand how people with Down’s Syndrome were able to increase independence and improve lifestyle choices through digital tools and how that can improve daily life experience for the family as a whole (see supporting evidence [So1]).

• We also informed three teams of senior managers from different boroughs in London about the potential of Ambient Assisted Technologies to provide a digital safety net and point of advice to citizens experiencing early symptoms of dementia-like conditions (see [So2]).

Economic Impact: given our products were not marketed by ourselves and consisted of prototypes, methods and tools which help then design other marketable products, we rely on third parties reporting of economic impact. From our products the one which had best traceable benefits so far is our contribution to POSEIDON which has been used since by one of the Scandinavian companies involved in the project. The company used the concepts developed with our help during POSEIDON to improve their offer resulting in a number of different variants of specific products which have been delivered to the European market, especially in the North of Europe. These reportedly produced financial gains to the company which are described to the extent they are traceable by the company Karde (see supporting evidence [Eco1]).

International Reach: some of our activities involved partners from outside the UK and we are aware that at least at European level our work on supporting the developments of contexts and their linking with specific situations of interest for citizens with specific needs has been exploited by a Scandinavian company. Also as part of the legacy of the POSEIDON project we have raised awareness of the digital possibilities for this section of society and we are aware EDSA (the European Down’s Syndrome Association) still considers the project an important landmark (see supporting evidence [Int1]). An independent U.S.A. based science journalist who has written for several of the most important USA newspapers have made several interviews on our work within the Ambient Assisted Living area to include our views and work in an upcoming book addressing the impact of technology in modern indoor living [Int2]. POSEIDON is one of the 90 global projects pre-selected for the World Sumit on the information Society Prizes 2020 edition [Int3].

International and industry collaborations have shaped Middlesex’s leadership in applied digital twin research. It has been arrived at from two different starting points but shares the underlying principle of model based design. This section outlines the impacts from both strands of work.

(a) Impacts arising from our Software Engineering research:

The work in software engineering, closely developed with TCS, is an example of a pioneering research collaboration in an emerging area of technology between academia and industry where knowledge transfer is continuous and facilitated by annual sabbatical residencies, presentations to TCS staff, joint publication, and supervision of TCS research staff.

TCS Research is a pioneer in core technology infrastructure to support Model Driven Engineering (MDE) and has delivered several large business critical software systems using this infrastructure for almost 20 years. They recognized that MDE could be applied to address all aspects of an enterprise such as vision, mission, goal, strategies and operational processes. These research questions were congruent with the LEAP research conducted by Barn and Clark [R1] and it is this that shaped the collaboration. The [S1] letter from the Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer of TCS confirms the basis of the collaboration, the ongoing work and the benefit of contributions of Barn and Clark to TCS activity.

After the initial influence of R1, the research collaboration between Middlesex and TCS was formally noted in a memorandum of cooperation. A co-designed research agenda was initiated, with the aim that it should lead directly to products for creating agent-based simulation models of enterprises. The research roadmap was conceptualized in the MDO vision paper [R2] and then formalized into a research roadmap report for TCS customers and shareholders [S3].

As a result of this research collaboration, TCS has been able to raise their profile in the area of enterprise modelling and simulation. This has had a positive impact on client satisfaction and loyalty, the generation of new revenue streams and their reputation for research-led innovation. Specific examples include:

• Development of the TCS world-leading digital twin product – TwinX™ based on the meta model developed by Barn and Clark. The TwinX™ product is now being being provided as solution by TCS to companies such as VodafoneZiggo and has a product manager assigned – Kaustav Bhattacharya [S2].

• Proof-of-concept demonstrators. The technology arising from the research has been showcased by TCS using proof-of-concept demonstrators [S1]. Case studies covering various business optimisation requirements based on ESL [research reported in R7] were developed. These included: Optimizing operation of a parcel sorting terminal; Optimization of order-to-activation process of a telecommunications company using digital twin based on ESL; and Optimized stock-replenishment for shops in a retail supply chain using digital twin based on ESL.

• New Business. The extension of ESL with machine learning capabilities described in [R5] has been applied by TCS Research to a commercial problem provided by a European supermarket client. The company has, to date, been using a system-dynamics approach to simulation which takes several weeks to stabilize and produce a solution. Using the ESL-based machine learning simulation, TCS Research has been able to demonstrate the reduction of the stabilization time to a matter of hours. In this case, both the approach and the ESL technology have supported TCS in promoting TCS Research to existing and new clients [S1].

• Conceptual scope in company R&D. TCS research labs incorporated MDO as one of their research themes as described in their promotional literature to clients and shareholders [S2].

• Barn and Clark co-supervised a TCS Research employee on a doctoral programme at Middlesex from 2015-18. [S4]. The successful PhD has diffused ESL knowledge within the TCS through the recruitment of three new researchers specifically to develop local expertise in ESL. This was seen as critical for transferring research knowledge to the end user and building capacity in digital twin simulation at TCS.

To reach a broader audience beyond research, Barn is a co-editor of a book initiated by TCS Research ‘Advanced Digital Architectures for Model-Driven Adaptive Enterprises’ with IGI-Global. The book contains by-invitation contributions from industry leaders in the field and aims to establish TCS as a thought leader in the field of model driven enterprises and simulation-based methods [S5]. The book is aimed at practitioners seeking to understand digital twin technology. It was promoted via a post by Sankha Som, Chief Innovation Evangelist to his 500+ connections on LinkedIn. His post reported on the collaboration with Middlesex regarding Enterprise Modelling and stated how this “ area has already made its way into Enterprise Digital Twins that we are developing for various domains such as Telecom…” [S8].

Our earlier research had already indicated that the design approach and the ESL technology was viable in socio-technical systems [R6]. In early April 2020, colleagues at TCS developed a local Java implementation of ESL that originally developed at Middlesex. The TCS implementation has been productized as the Java TwinX™ Library. This software has been used to model scenarios for non-pharmaceutical interventions for the COVID-19 pandemic in the Pune region by working closely with a local Pune based NGO (PrayasPune.org). The fine-grained analysis of COVID-19 pandemic management was led by Dr Souvik Barat using the TwinX™ Java library based on ESL. Details of the simulation are described in [S7] where the role of Dr Barat as lead on the TCS team is documented. This (ongoing – March 2021) activity has been reported in a Pune-based newspaper and in national newspapers and is shown in [S6]. On 03/03/2021, the national TV channel, MirrorNow, ran a debate about Maharashtra’s recent COVID-19 pandemic spike in infections (available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x48G7-bOvPY). On this programme, Dr Abhay Shukla (national convenor, the People’s Health Movement-India), noted:

“The TCS-Prayas model that has been published, it has predicted the second wave back in mid-December, at a pretty accurate level.” [S9]

(b) Impacts from Digital Twins for Structural Health Monitoring:

The digital twin developments arising from the TCS collaboration and collaboration with Prof. Nguyen led to the Faculty of Science and Technology establishing the London Digital Twin Research Centre (LDTRC). Research outputs [R6, R7] from an international collaboration funded by the Newton Fund and UKIERI were brought to the attention of Ministry of Transport of the Vietnamese Government. The Ministry of Transport collaborated with a project team from Middlesex and the University of Transport and Communications, Hanoi. Using the conceptual and modelling developments reported in section 2. The collaboration has led to:

• Preparation of a repair plan by the research team for the Thăng Long bridge in Hanoi, Vietnam by the Ministry of Transport resulting in savings of £1.5 million on repair costs.

• Early re-opening of the Thăng Long bridge helped reduce traffic flow resulting in an estimated further benefit to the economy of Hanoi of around £7.6 million.

• Policy development in digital transformation for infrastructures in Vietnam. The Ministry of Transport intends to use the digital twin technology developed by Middlesex and UTC on other bridges including Nhật Tân bridge, Cần Thơ bridge, and Mỹ Thuận bridge

The engagement and utilisation of the research [R6, R7] was essential in reducing the maintenance costs and was reported as critical in policy development in helping Vietnam towards digital transformation for infrastructures [S10], which was reported on the national TV programme “Digital Nation” in Vietnam on 7^th March 2021 [S11].

(4.1) The GREIT algorithm with new forward models is being adopted by a manufacturer of EIT systems (Swisstom/SenTec)^1, which will represent a significant improvement for commercial medical EIT systems in product development for EIT-based monitoring of neonate patient respiration and regional air content within patient’s lungs at the bedside. (2018) (5.1) It has also been adopted by Emergex to extend EIT for other applications including cancer detection. We have also provided new models for these applications (See 4.2)

The models generated have also been used extensively by other groups internationally that focus on the development of imaging solutions. For example, Bayford and Tizzard, working with Dartmouth College and Florida State University in the USA, have been developing EIT and optical tomography imaging of both adult and neonate human heads and extensive use is being made of the public domain tool (eidors3d.sourceforge.net/) in this work.

Further work on the automatic generation of subject-specific forward models, namely the warping algorithm (2007), and with Prof. Janet Stocks, Great Ormond St. Hospital (2007 – 2009) which formed the basis of extending the process in the current REF period to imaging lung function specifically in neonates in collaboration with Prof. Andreas Demosthenous, Dept. Electronic and Electrical Engineering, UCL. This initial impact led to the CRADL project in 2016 (5.2).

(4.2) The creation of the largest data store for EIT clinical data in the world at Middlesex University (over 50TBytes). This resource is in use for ongoing clinical studies (5.4, 5.5 and 5.6). This resource is also being used by SenTec to improve their user interface and test their system.

The work improved breast tumour imaging in collaboration with Dr Andrea Borsic and Prof. Ryan Halter, Dartmouth College, NHR (2010), and is based on using elastic deformation to warp standard or idealised geometry – all of which provided extensions of the public domain toolset.

Hardware impact:

(4.3) In addition to its clinical use, the group obtained a patent that describes a flexible wearable device to extract boundary information for the warping algorithm. The system dynamically generates and modifies subject specific forward models in real time. This work addresses the urgent need for objective, non-invasive measures of lung maturity and development, oxygen requirements and lung function, suitable for use in small, unsedated infants, to define the nature and severity. This led to the following:

We have signed an NDA with Swisstom (now Sentec) to develop the wearable device [(H2020 cradlproject.org)(5.3,5.3)] and have a patent in place (Filed in 2015, WO2015025113A1, European patent number 3035846 2020). A new wearable device was developed with PEL during CRADL and are submitting a patent before arranging a licensing agreement.

The group is also working with Emergex to extend the application of EIT for the detection of cancer. A joint patent (WO/2010/052503, Detection of Cancer) is in place with this company. This work is also subject to an NDA, which limits the information we are allowed to disclose in this document. However, the system is presently being developed to locate new COVID vaccines in animal models in the USA.

Clinical Practice impact:

(4.4) Our models have been used successfully to monitor preterm neonates in two clinical studies using the CRADL system with the University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland, and the Department of Neonatology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam. The group’s electrical impedance tomography system has been used to detect ventilation distribution, end-expiratory lung impedance (EELZ) and tidal impedance variation during monitoring of preterm neonates requiring invasive ventilation and repeated surfactant treatment. This study demonstrated a significant effect of surfactant treatment on lung function (5.4, 5.6). This has enabled the use of EIT in new studies for adopting into larger clinical use.

Creation of the largest data store for EIT clinical data (> 50TBytes). This is an available resource for ongoing clinical studies (5.9) including Dartmouth and Florida use of EIDORS. It has

been used successfully to monitor preterm neonates in four large-scale clinical studies (5.3). The following organisations have benefited from these resources:

• Consultant Paediatric Cardiologists and clinical researchers in the PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (2015 - on-going) (5.4)

• The Department of Neonatology, Emma Children’s Hospital Amsterdam undertook the clinical study of CRADL (5.6)

• Dr Karaoli Nicosia General Hospital (NGH), Cyprus also undertook the clinical study.

Consultant Neonatologists and clinical researchers at the Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, Scotland are working with the group on a new clinical study related to the PNEUMACRIT⁵ project which has been enabled through CRADL (5.5).

More clinical groups are using EIT as a result of the work at Middlesex and are identifying outcomes for imaging neonate lung function. The work has led to the recognition that EIT can address the urgent need to improve ventilation strategies in children. It is been clinically used to monitor lung function in neonates and adult patients (see link to Draeger/Sentec below) using some of the developments created for neonate imaging (5.8).

Industry impact:

(4.5) We are also working with PEL (Printed Electronics Limited)⁷ a UK based technology company providing advanced research and development, concept development and production capability for printed electronics and related functional material structures and systems, to develop print on flexible printed circuits for the EIT neonate system. They are members of the EU Graphene Flagship. PEL has worked with us on the CRADL, PNEUMACRIT and new CoRLEIT projects. PEL 3D printing are working with their commercial abilities to augment those in the Middlesex teams and concurrently we are enabling the company to get new markets and new business opportunities in the future (5.7)

Cost saving:

(4.6) EIT estimated cost saving of 928 to 10,705 euros per patient in the Dutch setting or 1,124 to 8,496 euros in the German setting. (5.10)

We claim 3 forms of direct impact from our work:

1. Twenty-four pieces of VALCRI IP produced by the Middlesex University team were acquired by Genetec, Inc., a Montreal-based, global security systems company, in April 2019 [Source A]. Genetec created a new business unit to market the new Valcri™ product, creating 14 new jobs to commercialise VALCRI. To enable the knowledge transfer, Wong and 4 key researchers from his lab were employed by Genetec in the new Valcri™ Product Group. The VALCRI acquisition catalysed Genetec to invest in a new Genetec UK head office in London in November 2019 to showcase Valcri™ and other Genetec products. Genetec is also combining VALCRI with its other security systems to create new products to open new markets. Genetec Valcri™ secured its first paying customer in September 2019 with expected annual sales thereafter. Potential Market Value: The US alone has 17,985 law enforcement agencies, although pricing information is competitor-sensitive, we estimate potential US market value at USD $3,579,000,000.

2. i-Intelligence GmbH is a Zurich-based SME which specializes in teaching intelligence analysis globally. They translated VALCRI research in analytic reasoning and sense-making into curricula for training police analysts. Following trials during the VALCRI project with 214 law enforcement officers from 50 agencies in 16 countries, i-Intelligence completely overhauled their original training programs, and developed new executive level training that focused on managing complexity, ambiguity and uncertainty; issues central to VALCRI. [Source B]

3. DSTL invests over £150,000 to productise VALCRI research. During the final year of VALCRI, further work was undertaken to address algorithmic opacity, i.e. the lack of transparency of machine-learning-based black-box algorithms. Our PhD student Sam Hepenstal, who works for DSTL (UK MoD), developed a conversational agent system for investigations based on our Algorithmic Transparency Framework. This enables a user to challenge the results, while also inspecting and verifying the system processes. This work has matured such that Dstl invested over £150,000 in 2020 to create a commercial product from this research prototype. [Source C]

VALCRI has already raised skills and technology awareness across a number of police and intelligence communities, including:

1. Partner West Midlands Police (WMP) have described the following impacts: (i) Through VALCRI’s research a wider range of analytic techniques have become central to the analyst training curriculum developed by WMP for the new Intelligence Academy. (ii) VALCRI’s research on ethical and privacy issues led the WMP to realize the importance of transparency for public services and the analysis of interconnected big data. New policies resulted for analysis of big data in their new Data Analytics Lab and the setting up of an Ethics Committee at WMP so that issues may be rationally debated while awaiting legislation. (iii) The WMP also re-developed one of VALCRI’s modules – the Statistical Process Control (SPC) Map, into a product compatible with their newly procured platforms. [Source D]

2. Partner Lokale Politie Antwerpen (LPA) through their collaboration in VALCRI gained significant insights on how to design technology to transform traditional reactive-based policing methods to more pro-active Intelligence-Led Policing model. These insights led to an in-house developed software called ‘Focus’, comprising a suite of near-real-time crime analytics software for their newly formed department based on Intelligence-led policing. The VALCRI-inspired ‘Focus’ system is in use by all officers in the field and various analysis departments. Analysts can link data, discover associations, and present crime data in context. These are key VALCRI design concepts. [Source E]

3. Partner Belgian Federal Police (BFP) adapted the associative search and visualization methods developed in VALCRI to build their own software for identifying large, organized crime groups. The software performed auto-discovery of crime organisations by searching for patterns of related activities, objects and flows, and associations of people and places. This has been used in the “Kali Beeldvorming” joint task force to speed up the discovery of information for identifying and taking down of large, organized crime groups and their networks. [Source F]

1. VALCRI research sparked significant interests in the media after highlights of our research was published in the ‘New Scientist’ on 10 May 2017, “AI detective analyses police data to learn how to crack cases” [Source G]. A number of separate articles followed subsequently: Digital Trends, Government Technology, Legal Reader, Deccan Chronicle, ETech.com, and in the EU Research Magazine, 24 Jan 2018, “Plotting a path through crime data” [Source H].

2. After the close of the project, VALCRI was chosen to be published in the European Commission’s “Success Stories” series in November 2018 as “Cyber-detective assists police with criminal investigations” [Source I].

3. In 2020, VALCRI was selected as an example of best practice in UK on ‘ethics by design’. It was presented at the Roundtable on Crime Prevention, Justice and Artificial Intelligence in Latin America, 22 Oct 2020, organized by the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI), the British Embassy in Mexico, and C-Minds. Wong presented to Latin American government and police leaders, on how ethical safeguards were designed in VALCRI, and therefore how they can be incorporated into intelligence-led policing initiatives.